Some research suggests fetal movements help strengthen her bones. It's important to get enough calcium and phosphorus to ensure that your baby's bones grow strong and healthy. Vitamin D is also essential because it helps your body use calcium efficiently.
Phosphorus deficiency is very rare, but you'll need to check and make sure you're getting enough calcium and vitamin D. You need 1, milligrams of calcium a day.
Dairy foods like yogurt, hard cheese, and even ice cream are good sources of the mineral — and provide lots of vitamin D and phosphorus as well. Nondairy food sources include calcium-fortified juice, almond milk, cereal, and bread, as well as salmon, tofu, and leafy greens like kale and bok choy. If you're not getting 1, milligrams of calcium from food and your prenatal supplement, ask your healthcare provider whether you should take calcium as a separate supplement.
Calcium chews are an easy way to boost your intake. The recommended daily amount of vitamin D during pregnancy is international units IU. Most prenatal supplements contain IUs, but because vitamin D deficiency is common during pregnancy, some experts recommend more. Inadequate vitamin D can lead to abnormal bone growth, fractures, or rickets in newborns.
But talk with your healthcare provider before taking more vitamin D. You may need to be tested to see if you're deficient, and if you are, your provider can let you know how much to take. BabyCenter's editorial team is committed to providing the most helpful and trustworthy pregnancy and parenting information in the world.
When creating and updating content, we rely on credible sources: respected health organizations, professional groups of doctors and other experts, and published studies in peer-reviewed journals. We believe you should always know the source of the information you're seeing. Learn more about our editorial and medical review policies. Vitamin D: screening and supplementation during pregnancy. Committee Opinion No. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Obstet Gynecol Twist your wrist around or wave and you'll see how the wrist can move. The center part of your hand is made up of five separate bones. Each finger on your hand has three bones, except for your thumb, which has two. So between your wrists, hands, and all your fingers, you've got a grand total of 54 bones — all ready to help you grasp things, write your name, pick up the phone, or throw a softball!
Sure, your arm, wrist, hand, and finger bones are great for picking up the phone, but how are you supposed to run to answer it? Well, with the bones of the legs and feet! Your legs are attached to a circular group of bones called your pelvis. The pelvis is a bowl-shaped structure that supports the spine. It is made up of the two large hip bones in front, and behind are the sacrum and the coccyx. The pelvis acts as a tough ring of protection around parts of the digestive system, parts of the urinary system, and parts of the reproductive system.
Your leg bones are very large and strong to help support the weight of your body. The bone that goes from your pelvis to your knee is called the femur say: FEE-mur , and it's the longest bone in your body. At the knee, there's a triangular-shaped bone called the patella say: puh-TEL-luh , or kneecap, that protects the knee joint.
Just like the three bones in the arm, the three bones in the leg are wider at the ends than in the middle to give them strength. The ankle is a bit different from the wrist; it is where the lower leg bones connect to a large bone in the foot called the talus say: TAL-iss.
Next to the talus are six other bones. But the main part of the foot is similar to the hand, with five bones. Each toe has three tiny bones, except for your big toe, which has just two. This brings the bone total in both feet and ankles to 52! Most people don't use their toes and feet for grabbing stuff or writing, but they do use them for two very important things: standing and walking. Without all the bones of the foot working together, it would be impossible to balance properly.
The bones in the feet are arranged so the foot is almost flat and a bit wide, to help you stay upright. So the next time you're walking, be sure to look down and thank those toes! Fixed joints are fixed in place and don't move at all. Your skull has some of these joints called sutures, remember? One of these joints is called the parieto-temporal say: par-EYE-ih-toh TEM-puh-rul suture — it's the one that runs along the side of the skull. Moving joints are the ones that let you ride your bike, eat cereal, and play a video game — the ones that allow you to twist, bend, and move different parts of your body.
Some moving joints, like the ones in your spine, move only a little. Other joints move a lot. One of the main types of moving joints is called a hinge joint. Your elbows and knees each have hinge joints, which let you bend and then straighten your arms and legs. These joints are like the hinges on a door. Just as most doors can only open one way, you can only bend your arms and legs in one direction.
You also have many smaller hinge joints in your fingers and toes. Another important type of moving joint is the ball and socket joint. You can find these joints at your shoulders and hips. Long bones evolve through endochondral ossification. Long bones are typically tubular, and they are longer than they are wide. The arms and legs are made up primarily of long bones. Short bones also evolve through endochondral ossification, but they are not structurally similar to long bones. Instead, they take on distinct shapes.
For example, the bones of the ankles , wrists , heels , and kneecaps are all short bones. Flat bones evolve through intramembranous ossification. These bones have platelike shapes. The skull bones, the breastbone, shoulder blades , ribs , and hip bones are examples of flat bones.
The process takes place from before birth until a person is an adult. Several bones make up the skull—two frontal bones , two parietal bones, and one occipital bone.
Over time, these bones will fuse, but it is initially important that they remain flexible in order to go through the birth process and for brain growth. Fontanelles are the spaces between the bones. There is one in the front known as the soft spot and one in the back of the head. They are covered by membranes that protect the underlying tissues and the brain.
The anterior fontanelle soft spot remains soft until a child is about 2 years of age. The posterior fontanelle usually closes by about 3 months of age. Craniosynostosis is a congenital disability present from birth in which the skull bones fuse too early. It occurs in one in 2, births in the United States. Oftentimes, surgery allows space for the brain to grow properly. The curves allow for proper mobility as we walk, bend, twist, and do everyday movements. However, our spines do not start out with these curves.
The thoracic curve begins to develop in utero, while the secondary cervical and lumbar curves do not develop until infancy, when a baby begins to lift its head, sit, crawl, and eventually stand and walk.
Spines can also curve abnormally. Scoliosis is a spine condition in which the spine is curved from side to side. Scoliosis can be congenital or neuromuscular a consequence of a muscular or neurological condition. The treatment depends on the severity of the condition and can include observation, bracing, or surgery. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that affects the spine. It occurs when the neural tube which becomes the brain and spinal cord does not close all the way during early embryonic development.
When this happens, the bones that are supposed to protect the spinal cord do not form and close, which damages the spinal cord and surrounding nerves. Spina bifida can result in physical and intellectual disabilities, but not everyone with spina bifida will have disabilities.
The treatment depends on the severity of the condition and may include surgery or mobility aids, like wheelchairs, braces, crutches, and walkers. The causes of spina bifida are not completely understood. However, one known way to reduce the risk of the condition is to take folic acid supplements if you are trying to conceive and while you are pregnant. Ossification of the long bones actually begins in the fetal stage.
Ossification of the limbs is not complete until the late teens to mids. Long bones in children are divided into four regions: diaphysis, metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis.
Only the metaphysis and diaphysis are present in adults. The epiphysis is mostly cartilage in infants. What to Expect follows strict reporting guidelines and uses only credible sources, such as peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions and highly respected health organizations. Learn how we keep our content accurate and up-to-date by reading our medical review and editorial policy. The educational health content on What To Expect is reviewed by our medical review board and team of experts to be up-to-date and in line with the latest evidence-based medical information and accepted health guidelines, including the medically reviewed What to Expect books by Heidi Murkoff.
This educational content is not medical or diagnostic advice. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. Registry Builder New. Medically Reviewed by Jennifer Wu, M. Medical Review Policy All What to Expect content that addresses health or safety is medically reviewed by a team of vetted health professionals.
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