After the House cast 19 identical tie ballots on February 11, , Governor James Monroe of Virginia assured Jefferson that if a usurpation was attempted, he would call the Virginia Assembly into session, implying that they would discard any such result. After six days of uncertainty, Federalists in the tied delegations of Vermont and Maryland abstained, electing Jefferson, but without giving him open Federalist support. The election was a landslide victory for the incumbent Thomas Jefferson and vice-presidential candidate George Clinton Republicans over the Federalist candidates, Charles C.
Pinckney and Rufus King. The vote was The election was the first held under the Twelfth Amendment, which separated Electoral College balloting for president and vice president. The Federalists alienated many voters by refusing to commit their electors to any particular candidate prior to the election.
Jefferson was also helped by the popularity of the Louisiana Purchase and his reduction of federal spending. The repeal of the excise tax on whiskey was especially popular in the West. Republican James Madison was elevated to the presidency in the election of Madison won electoral votes cast to Federalist Charles C.
Vice President George Clinton received six electoral votes for president from his native New York, but easily defeated Federalist Rufus King for vice president, , with scattered vice-presidential votes for Madison, James Monroe and John Langdon of New Hampshire. In the early stages of the election campaign, Madison also faced challenges from within his own party by Monroe and Clinton. The main issue of the election was the Embargo Act of The banning of exports had hurt merchants and other commercial interests, although ironically it encouraged domestic manufactures.
These economic difficulties revived the Federalist opposition, especially in trade-dependent New England. In the contest James Madison was reelected president by the narrowest margin of any election since the Republican Party had come to power in He received electoral votes to 89 for his Federalist opponent DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York. The War of , which had begun five months earlier, was the dominant issue.
Opposition to the war was concentrated in the northeastern Federalist states. Clintonians also accused Madison of slighting the defense of the New York frontier against the British in Canada. The election proved to be the last one of significance for the Federalist Party, largely owing to anti-British American nationalism engendered by the war. In this election, Republican James Monroe won the presidency with electoral votes, carrying every state except Massachusetts, Connecticut and Delaware.
Federalist Rufus King received the votes of the 34 Federalist electors. Daniel D. Tompkins of New York was elected vice president with electoral votes, his opposition scattered among several candidates.
Many Republicans objected to the succession of Virginia presidents and believed Crawford a superior choice to Monroe. The caucus vote was In the general election, opposition to Monroe was disorganized. The Hartford Convention of growing out of opposition to the War of had discredited the Federalists outside their strongholds and they did not put forth a candidate. To some extent, Republicans had siphoned off Federalist support with nationalist programs like the Second Bank of the United States.
In addition, the extension of slavery into the territories became a political issue when Missouri sought admission as a slave state. Maryland , which expanded the power of Congress and of private corporations at the expense of the states. But despite these problems, Monroe faced no organized opposition for reelection in The opposition party, the Federalists, ceased to exist. William Plumer of New Hampshire, the one elector who voted against Monroe, did so because he thought Monroe was incompetent.
He cast his ballot for John Quincy Adams. Later in the century, the fable arose that Plumer had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election.
Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors. The Republican Party broke apart in the election. The nomination of candidates by congressional caucus was discredited. Groups in each state nominated candidates for the presidency, resulting in a multiplicity of favorite son candidacies. By the fall of , four candidates remained in the running. William Crawford of Georgia, the secretary of the treasury, had been the early front-runner, but severe illness hampered his candidacy.
Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts had a brilliant record of government service, but his Federalist background, his cosmopolitanism and his cold New England manner cost him support outside his own region. Henry Clay of Kentucky , the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee , who owed his popularity to his victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans , were the other candidates.
With four candidates, none received a majority. Jackson received 99 electoral votes with , popular votes The choice of president therefore fell to the House of Representatives. Many politicians assumed that House Speaker Henry Clay had the power to choose the next president but not to elect himself. Clay threw his support to Adams, who was then elected. The Electoral College chose John C.
Calhoun as vice president by a majority of votes. Andrew Jackson won the presidency in by a landslide, receiving a record , popular votes 56 percent to , 44 percent for the incumbent John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency with electoral votes to 83 for Richard Rush and seven for William Smith. The emergence of two parties promoted popular interest in the election.
Local party groups sponsored parades, barbecues, tree plantings and other popular events designed to promote Jackson and the local slate. The National-Republicans, the party of Adams and Henry Clay, lacked the local organizations of the Democrats, but they did have a clear platform: high tariffs, federal funding of roads, canals and other internal improvements, aid to domestic manufactures and development of cultural institutions.
Both parties spread false and exaggerated rumors about the opposition. And they painted the incumbent president as a decadent aristocrat who had procured prostitutes for the czar while serving as U. The National-Republicans portrayed Jackson as a violent frontier ruffian, the son, some said, of a prostitute married to a mulatto. When Jackson and his wife, Rachel, married, the couple believed that her first husband had obtained a divorce.
After learning the divorce had not yet been made final, the couple held a second, valid wedding. Now the Adams men claimed Jackson was a bigamist and an adulterer. Democratic-Republican Andrew Jackson was reelected in with , popular votes Jackson easily carried the Electoral College with votes. Clay received only 49, and Wirt won the seven votes of Vermont. Martin Van Buren won the vice presidency with votes against 97 for various other candidates. National-Republicans attacked the veto, arguing that the Bank was needed to maintain a stable currency and economy.
For the first time in American politics, a third party, the Anti-Masons, challenged the two major parties. Many politicians of note participated, including Thaddeus Stevens, William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed. The Anti-Masons protested Masonic secrecy.
They feared a conspiracy to control American political institutions, a fear fed by the fact that both the major party candidates, Jackson and Clay, were prominent Masons. The Anti-Masons convened the first national presidential nominating convention in Baltimore on September 26, The other parties soon followed suit, and the convention replaced the discredited caucus system of nomination. The election of was largely a referendum on Andrew Jackson, but it also helped shape what is known as the second party system.
His running mate, Col. Richard M. Johnson, claimed to have killed Indian chief Tecumseh. Johnson was controversial because he lived openly with a black woman. Disdaining the organized politics of the Democrats, the new Whig Party ran three candidates, each strong in a different region: Hugh White of Tennessee, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Gen. William Henry Harrison of Indiana. Van Buren won the election with , popular votes, only Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26 and Webster Willie P.
Johnson, who failed to win an electoral majority, was elected vice president by the Democratic Senate. The Whig vice-presidential nominee was John Tyler , a onetime Democrat who had broken with Jackson over his veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank. Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,, to 1,,, and an electoral margin of to But the victory proved to be a hollow one because Harrison died one month after his inauguration.
Tyler, his successor, would not accept Whig economic doctrine, and the change in presidential politics had little effect on presidential policy. The election of introduced expansion and slavery as important political issues and contributed to westward and southern growth and sectionalism.
Southerners of both parties sought to annex Texas and expand slavery. Dallas was nominated for vice president to appease Van Burenites, and the party backed annexation and settling the Oregon boundary dispute with England.
But, pressured by southerners, Clay endorsed annexation even though he was concerned it might cause war with Mexico and disunion, thereby losing support among antislavery Whigs. Enough New Yorkers voted for Birney to throw 36 electoral votes and the election to Polk, who won the Electoral College and a slim popular victory. John Tyler signed a joint congressional resolution admitting Texas, but Polk pursued Oregon and then northern Mexico in the Mexican-American War , aggravating tension over slavery and sectional balance and leading to the Compromise of The election of underscored the increasingly important role of slavery in national politics.
Democratic president James K. Polk did not seek reelection. His party nominated Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan , who created the concept of squatter, or popular, sovereignty letting the settlers of a territory decide whether to permit slavery , with Gen. William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice president. The Whig nominee was the Mexican War hero Gen. Zachary Taylor , a slave owner. For his part, Taylor professed moderation on slavery, and he and the Whigs were successful.
Taylor defeated Cass, 1,, to 1,, in popular votes and to in electoral votes. With the Taylor-Fillmore ticket elected, the forces had been set in motion for the events surrounding the Compromise of The election rang a death knell for the Whig Party.
Both parties split over their nominee and the issue of slavery. King of Alabama as his running mate. Graham of New Jersey for vice president. They nominated Senator John P. Southern Whigs were suspicious of Scott, whom they saw as a tool of antislavery senator William H. Seward of New York. The election was waged by new political coalitions and was the first to directly confront the issue of slavery. The violence that followed the Kansas-Nebraska Act destroyed the old political system and past formulas of compromises.
The Whig Party was dead. Donelson for vice president. Breckinridge for vice president. Its platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and noninterference with slavery.
This election saw the emergence of a new, sectional party composed of ex-Whigs, Free-Soil Democrats and antislavery groups. The Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery and promised a free-labor society with expanded opportunities for white workers. It nominated military hero John C. Dayton for vice president. The physical assault by Congressman Preston S.
Brooks of South Carolina on Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts on the floor of the Senate heightened northern resentment of southern aggressiveness. Although the Democratic candidate, Buchanan, won with electoral votes and 1,, votes, the divided opposition gained more popular votes. The Republican Party captured 1,, votes and in the Electoral College, and the American Party received , popular and 8 electoral votes. At the Republican convention, front-runner William H. Hoping to carry moderate states like Illinois and Pennsylvania, the party nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for president and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for vice president.
The Republican platform called for a ban on slavery in the territories, internal improvements, a homestead act, a Pacific railroad and a tariff. The Democratic convention, which met at Charleston, could not agree on a candidate, and most of the southern delegates bolted. Reconvening in Baltimore, the convention nominated Senator Stephen A. By carrying almost the entire North, Lincoln won in the Electoral College with votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell and 12 for Douglas.
Lincoln won a popular plurality of about 40 percent, leading the popular vote with 1,, to 1,, for Douglas, , for Breckinridge and , for Bell. With the election of a sectional northern candidate, the Deep South seceded from the Union, followed within a few months by several states of the Upper South.
McClellan, the general who had commanded the Army of the Potomac until his indecision and delays caused Lincoln to remove him. At first, Radical Republicans, fearing defeat, talked of ousting Lincoln in favor of the more ardently antislavery secretary of the treasury Salmon P. Chase , or Generals John C. But in the end they fell in behind the president.
The Republicans attracted Democratic support by running as the Union party and putting Johnson, a pro-war Democrat, on the ticket. Lincoln won in a landslide, owing partly to a policy of letting soldiers go home to vote. But the military successes of Generals Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia and William T. Sherman in the Deep South were probably more important.
The electoral vote was to Democrats did better in state elections. Lincoln would not live to complete his second term, however. The President died of his wounds the next day.
In this contest, Republican Ulysses S. Blair of Missouri. The Democrats attacked the Republican management of Reconstruction and black suffrage. Grant, a moderate on Reconstruction, was accused of military despotism and anti-Semitism, and Colfax of nativism and possible corruption. Grant won the popular vote, 3,, to 2,, and carried the Electoral College by to Seymour carried only eight states, but ran fairly well in many others, especially in the South. The election showed that despite his popularity as a military hero, Grant was not invincible.
His margin of victory came from newly enfranchised southern freedmen, who supplied him with about , votes. The Democrats had named a weak ticket and attacked Reconstruction rather than pursuing economic issues, but revealed surprising strength.
President Ulysses S. Greeley headed an uneasy coalition of Democrats and liberal Republicans. Gratz Brown of Missouri. Disaffected by Grant administration corruption and the controversy over Reconstruction, Greeley ran on a platform of civil service reform, laissez-faire liberalism and an end to Reconstruction.
The Republicans came out for civil service reform and the protection of black rights. The Electoral College vote was to Actually, the result was more anti-Greeley than pro-Grant. In the Republican Party nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for president and William A. Wheeler of New York for vice president. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J.
Tilden of New York for president and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. Several minor parties, including the Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party, also ran candidates. The country was growing weary of Reconstruction policies, which kept federal troops stationed in several southern states. Moreover, the Grant administration was tainted by numerous scandals, which caused disaffection for the party among voters.
In the House of Representatives had gone Democratic. Political change was in the air. Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, receiving 4,, votes to 4,, for Hayes. In the Electoral College, Tilden was also ahead to ; both parties claimed the remaining 20 votes. The Democrats needed only one more vote to capture the presidency, but the Republicans needed all 20 contested electoral votes. Nineteen of them came from South Carolina, Louisiana and Florida—states that the Republicans still controlled.
Protesting Democratic treatment of black voters, Republicans insisted that Hayes had carried those states but that Democratic electors had voted for Tilden. Two sets of election returns existed—one from the Democrats, one from the Republicans.
Congress had to determine the authenticity of the disputed returns. The Globetrotters were the creation of Abe Saperstein of Chicago, who took over coaching duties for a team of African American players The confessed Colorado cannibal Alferd Packer is released from prison on parole after serving 18 years. One of the ragged legions of gold and silver prospectors who combed the Rocky Mountains searching for fortune in the s, Alferd Packer also supplemented his meager income Although at the time of her death in , Hurston had published more books than any other Black woman in America, she was unable to capture a mainstream audience in her lifetime, and A massive mine explosion leaves nearly dead in Krebs, Oklahoma, on January 7, Southeastern Oklahoma was a prime location for mining at Six-year-old Suzanne Degnan is kidnapped from her home in an affluent Chicago neighborhood.
Just six days after the fall of the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba, U. Despite fears that Fidel Castro, whose rebel army helped to overthrow Batista, might have communist leanings, the U.
Truman tells the world that that the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. It was just three years earlier on January 31, , that Truman publicly announced that had directed the Atomic Energy Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault.
Bush Republican defeated John Kerry Democrat , winning electoral votes and Bush Republican defeated Al Gore Democrat. Although Gore won the popular vote, Bush won the Electoral College after a contentious fight, marked by recounts in Florida. Bill Clinton Democrat defeated George H. Bush Republican and Ross Perot Independent.
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