They sleep sitting up in trees with bent knees and faces buried between the knees and chest. Gibbons are bipedal and walk across tree limbs on two feet. They hold their arms high in the air for balance when they walk or run along the ground or on branches.
White-handed gibbons have white fur on the upper sides of their hands and feet. They live in small family groups made up of a male and female pair and their young. These duets help the couple bond and mark their territory. The white-handed gibbon is sometimes hunted for its meat and young gibbons are sold in the pet trade in some countries, particularly Thailand. All rights reserved. Personality Quizzes. The sequence of departure from sleeping trees was more variable.
Gibbon sleeping habits seem to primarily reflect adaptations to minimize predation risk. The predation-risk hypothesis was indirectly supported by observations of mobbing pythons, alarm calls given in response to birdes of prey flying low over the canopy, and more importantly by 1 the predominant use of large sleeping trees, which were among the tallest trees available, particularly by adult females with small infants and juveniles, 2 an unpredictable long-term pattern of reuse of sleeping places, and 3 inconspicuous presleep behavior.
Abstract The sleeping habits of wild white-handed gibbons Hylobates lar were investigated to assess the risk of predation and predation-avoidance behavior. CAS Google Scholar. Day RT, Elwood RW Sleeping site selection by the golden-handed tamarin Saguinus midas midas : the role of predation risk, proximity to feeding sites, and territorial defence. Ethology — Leuser: a Sumatran sanctuary. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China. Gaoligong, Yunnan, China. Fleagle JG Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution.
Gittins SP Feeding and ranging in the agile gibbon. Plenum, New York, pp 63— J Zool — Jay P Field studies. Academic Press, New York, pp — Biol Conserv — Largo CJ Mosquito avoidance drives selection of nest tree species in Bornean orangutans. Folia Primatol Lappan S Male care of infants in a siamang Symphalangus syndactylus population including socially monogamous and polyandrous groups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol — Leighton DR Gibbons: territoriality and monogamy.
Primate societies. University of Chicago Press, pp 35— Lutermann H, Verburgt L, Rendigs A Resting and nesting in a small mammal: sleeping sites as a limiting resource for female grey mouse lemurs. Anim Behav — Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University. Morino L Clouded leopard predation on a wild juvenile siamang. Nowak MG Sikundur monitoring post annual report Anim Conserv — Palombit RA Lethal territorial aggression in a white-handed gibbon. Palombit RA Pair bonds in monogamous apes: a comparison of the siamang Hylobates syndactylus and the white-handed gibbon Hylobates lar.
Behaviour — Palombit RA Inter-and intraspecific variation in the diets of sympatric siamang Hylobates syndactylus and lar gibbons Hylobates lar. Reinwardtia — Primates — Ramakrishnan U, Coss RG Strategies used by bonnet macaques Macaca radiata to reduce predation risk while sleeping. Reichard UH Sleeping sites, sleeping places, and presleep behavior of gibbons Hylobates lar.
Schmid J Tree holes used for resting by gray mouse lemurs Microcebus murinus in Madagascar: insulation capacities and energetic consequences. Ecology — Whitten AJ The role of ants in selection of night trees by gibbons. Biotropica — Download references. Bournemouth University provided funding towards the fieldwork. We also thank all field staff at Sikundur and Ucok Sahrizal for their contributions to the data collection. We are grateful to Prof Joanna Setchell and two anonymous reviewers for feedback on a previous version of the manuscript.
Nathan J. Harrison, Ross A. Hill, Christopher D. Marsh, Helen D. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All the authors contributed editorial advice on the manuscript, and declare that they have no conflict of interest. Correspondence to Nathan J. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This article is published under an open access license. Please check the 'Copyright Information' section either on this page or in the PDF for details of this license and what re-use is permitted. If your intended use exceeds what is permitted by the license or if you are unable to locate the licence and re-use information, please contact the Rights and Permissions team. Harrison, N. Sleeping trees and sleep-related behaviours of the siamang Symphalangus syndactylus in a tropical lowland rainforest, Sumatra, Indonesia.
Primates 62, 63—75 Download citation. Received : 30 November Accepted : 14 July Published : 27 July Issue Date : January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search SpringerLink Search. Download PDF. Abstract Sleeping tree selection and related behaviours of a family group and a solitary female siamang Symphalangus syndactylus were investigated over a 5-month period in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Introduction Studies of sleeping site selection across the Primate order have revealed a diverse range of behaviours and choice of sites. Table 1 Drivers and associated predictions for the investigation of sleeping trees and sleep-related behaviours of siamangs at Gunung Leuser National Park Full size table.
Data collection N. Table 2 Details of complete and partial day follows of the siamang family group FG and solitary female SF Full size table. Table 3 Terminologies and definitions of tree and plot types Full size table. Full size image. Discussion Our results indicate that siamangs at Sikundur selected sleeping trees based on predator avoidance and distance to feeding sources, with groups of siamangs choosing larger, more stable sleeping trees.
Folia Primatol Google Scholar Lappan S Male care of infants in a siamang Symphalangus syndactylus population including socially monogamous and polyandrous groups. University of Chicago Press, pp 35— Lutermann H, Verburgt L, Rendigs A Resting and nesting in a small mammal: sleeping sites as a limiting resource for female grey mouse lemurs.
Doctoral dissertation, Bournemouth University Morino L Clouded leopard predation on a wild juvenile siamang. Behaviour — Google Scholar Palombit RA Inter-and intraspecific variation in the diets of sympatric siamang Hylobates syndactylus and lar gibbons Hylobates lar.
Biotropica — Google Scholar Download references. Harrison View author publications. View author publications. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Electronic supplementary material. Supplementary file1 DOCX kb. Rights and permissions This article is published under an open access license.
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